塔式起重機(jī)的變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的研究
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- 塔式起重機(jī)的變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的研究摘要
隨著當(dāng)代工程建設(shè)需要以及機(jī)械化的發(fā)展，塔式起重機(jī)是港口、建筑工地等施工項(xiàng)目中重要的不可缺少的工程機(jī)械，而且對(duì)其安全性、平穩(wěn)性和高效性都有很高的要求。
傳統(tǒng)的調(diào)速控制式是廣泛采用多極電動(dòng)機(jī)、繞線(xiàn)電動(dòng)機(jī)等來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)其各個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu)。這種方式存在很多缺點(diǎn)：調(diào)速速比小低速過(guò)高、制動(dòng)器剎車(chē)片、繞線(xiàn)式電動(dòng)機(jī)電刷及滑環(huán)等需要經(jīng)常進(jìn)行維護(hù)、維修；控制系統(tǒng)使用大量接觸器和中間繼電器，既不節(jié)能也不經(jīng)濟(jì)、安全、維護(hù)工作量高、使用成本大。
現(xiàn)在變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)在各行業(yè)中已經(jīng)廣泛使用，在塔式起重機(jī)上應(yīng)用也有多年的歷史。變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)與可編程序控制器相結(jié)合，是提升塔式起重機(jī)品質(zhì)的有效途徑。變頻器具有過(guò)流、過(guò)載、電動(dòng)機(jī)過(guò)熱、過(guò)壓及欠壓、超速及失速等完善的保護(hù)監(jiān)測(cè)功能，組成的控制系統(tǒng)安全可靠；可通過(guò)其外部控制端子實(shí)現(xiàn)電動(dòng)機(jī)的啟停、正反轉(zhuǎn)、S曲線(xiàn)加減速及多段速度控制，從而降低機(jī)械傳動(dòng)沖擊，改善鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的承載性能，延長(zhǎng)起重機(jī)的使用壽命；能提供運(yùn)行信號(hào)、零速信號(hào)、速度到達(dá)信號(hào)及運(yùn)行準(zhǔn)備信號(hào)等給可編程序控制器，以便可編程控制器綜合外部信號(hào)進(jìn)行分析及邏輯運(yùn)算，向外部設(shè)備及變頻器發(fā)出控制命令；高集成度組件及高可靠性低壓電器，有效解決原塔機(jī)電氣系統(tǒng)接線(xiàn)復(fù)雜問(wèn)題，不僅降低了系統(tǒng)故障幾率，而且容易維護(hù)；調(diào)速范圍寬，任意低的工作速度可實(shí)現(xiàn)起吊作業(yè)的精確定位；零速機(jī)械制動(dòng)減小了制動(dòng)器摩擦片的磨損，消除了制動(dòng)時(shí)對(duì)減速器輸入軸的附加彎矩；極低的起動(dòng)電流，減輕了用戶(hù)電網(wǎng)擴(kuò)容的負(fù)擔(dān)；節(jié)能的調(diào)速方式，減少了系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行能耗；單速的鼠籠電動(dòng)機(jī)保證了機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)行可靠性。
本文通過(guò)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的塔機(jī)調(diào)速系統(tǒng)分析，指出其在塔機(jī)上應(yīng)用時(shí)存在的問(wèn)題，同時(shí)對(duì)變頻調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的強(qiáng)大控制功能和優(yōu)越性進(jìn)行了介紹，針對(duì)塔機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)、變幅機(jī)構(gòu)的不同特點(diǎn)制定了閉環(huán)矢量控制、開(kāi)環(huán)矢量控制、群拖U/f控制等不同的變頻控制方案。通過(guò)采用先進(jìn)的變頻控制技術(shù)和可編程序控制，使運(yùn)行可靠性比傳統(tǒng)塔機(jī)電控系統(tǒng)有較大的提高，運(yùn)行更加節(jié)能、高效、安全、可靠。
關(guān)鍵詞：塔式起重機(jī)，變頻調(diào)速，矢量控制，PLC
ABSTRACT
With the development of contemporary construction needs as well as mechanization, the tower crane construction machinery, ports, construction sites and construction projects indispensable and its security, stability and efficiency have a high requirement.
Speed control type is widely used in multi-pole motor, winding motor to drive its various agencies. In this way there are many drawbacks: speed speed ratio, low speed is too high, brake brake pads, wound motor brushes and slip rings require frequent maintenance, repair; control systems use a large number of contactors and intermediate relay, both energy saving is not economic, security, maintenance workload, the use of cost.
Variable frequency speed regulation technology combined with PLC is one of the best ways to improve the performance of tower cranes The AC inverter provides sufficient protection such as over-heating, over-current, over-voltage, under-voltage, open-phase etc. The inverter can set parameters by digital operator display or input terminal, and provide several control methods such as close loop vector, open loop
Vector， V/F with or without PG. The inverter supply with S curve acceleration or deceleration, dwell functions and droop control .These can provide tower canes lower arrival speed, small shock pulse， zero speed braking, simple wire connecting, energy saving, and high reliability.
The article introduces the application of the inverter in tower crane’s lifting, trolley, and slewing mechanism in mode of vector control or V/F, and illustrate with figure. Compared with traditional tower crane control system, variable frequency speed control has advantages in safe, reliability and energy saving.
Keywords: Tower crane, Variable－frequency speed regulation, Vector control, PLC
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